About eBookPLUS and studyON ix About this book x Acknowledgements xii UNIT 1 AREA OF STUDY 1 CHAPTER 1 Heat, temperature and internal energy 2 Measuring temperature 3 What is the difference between heat and temperature? 5 Explaining heat: the kinetic theory of matter 7 Thermal equilibrium 11 Laws of thermodynamics 12 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 12 First Law of Thermodynamics 12 Specific heat capacity 13 Latent heat and the kinetic particle model of matter 15 Evaporation 17 Chapter review 18 CHAPTER 2 Energy in transit 21 Transfer of energy 22 Conduction 22 Convection 23 Convection inside the Earth 24 Radiation 24 Chapter review 29 CHAPTER 3 The physics of climate change 31 Energy in balance 32 How hot is the Earth? 32 Fossil fuel's fingerprints 36 The Earth's energy budget 37 Feedback 39 Climate models 40 Issues related to thermodynamics 42 Evaluating resources 43 Chapter review 44 AREA OF STUDY 2 CHAPTER 4 Current electricity 46 Electric circuits 47 Back to basics 47 Modelling an electric circuit 49 Current 50 Conventional current 50 Direct current 50 Alternating current 50 Measuring electric current 52 The hydraulic model of current 53 How rapidly do electrons travel through a conductor? 53 Voltage 54 The conventional point of view 54 Measuring potential difference or voltage drop 55 Energy transformed by a circuit 56 Power delivered by a circuit 56 Transposing formulae 57 Providing energy for the circuit 58 Resistance 59 Resistors 59 Ohm's Law 61 Ohmic and non-ohmic devices 62 Heating effects of currents 63 Power and resistance 64 Chapter review 66 CHAPTER 5 Circuit analysis 69 What happens in an electric circuit? 70 Circuit diagrams 70 Circuit rules 71 Accounting for electrons 71 Conservation of electrical energy 72 Series and parallel circuits 72 Resistors in series 72 Resistors in parallel 73 Modelling resistors in parallel 74 Short circuits 76 Non-ohmic devices in series and parallel 77 Power in circuits 78 The voltage divider 78 Transducers and sensors 79 Potentiometers 81 Chapter review 82 CHAPTER 6 Using electricity 86 Electricity in the real world 87 Household use of electricity 87 Power ratings 89 Paying for electricity 90 A shocking experience 91 Resistance of the human body 92 The effect of current 92 The effect of current path 93 Time of exposure 93 In the event of a shock 93 Safety in household circuits 94 Fuses and circuit breakers 94 Earthing 96 Residual current device 97 Double insulation 97 Chapter review 98 AREA OF STUDY 3 CHAPTER 7 Radioactivity and the nucleus 99 Natural nuclear radiation 100 Terrestrial radiation 102 Cosmic radiation 102 What is nuclear radiation? 102 Types of nuclear radiation 103 Alpha decay 103 Beta decay 104 Neutrinos 106 Gamma decay 106 Half-life 107 Radioactive series 108 Nuclear transformations 109 Discovering the structure of the atom 110 The stability of nuclei 111 What holds the nucleus together? 112 What makes the nucleus change? 113 Binding energy 113 Nuclear energy 114 Nuclear fission 114 Nuclear fusion 116 Chapter review 119 CHAPTER 8 Subatomic particles 122 The discovery of subatomic particles 123 Cosmic rays 123 Explaining the strong nuclear force 125 So many particles! 126 Why a quark model? 128 Quark model 129 Matter and light 130 Light from atoms 131 Chapter review 132 CHAPTER 9 The origin of atoms 133 A long story! 134 Discovering the universe of galaxies 134 The expansion of space 137 The Doppler effect 138 Using the Doppler effect on stars 138 Einstein and general relativity 139 Red shift revisited 139 The big bang 140 Looking back in time 143 The early universe 144 The birth of atoms 147 An overview 148 Chapter review 149 UNIT 2 AREA OF STUDY 1 CHAPTER 10 Analysing movement 152 Describing movement 153 Distance and displacement 153 Speed and velocity 154 Converting units of speed 155 Instantaneous speed and velocity � using graphs 157 Graphing motion: position versus time 157 Graphing motion: velocity versus time 160 Displacement from a velocity-versus-time graph 160 Acceleration 163 Acceleration from a velocity-versus-time graph 164 Area under an acceleration-versus-time graph 165 Graphing motion in a nutshell 166 Constant acceleration without graphs 168 Chapter review 172 CHAPTER 11 Forces in action 177 Describing a force 178 An attraction to the Earth 178 Friction � what a drag! 180 For better or worse 180 Compression and tension 181 Compression 182 The normal reaction force 182 Forces in pairs 182 Newton's Third Law of Motion 183 Moving forward 185 The net force 186 Adding forces together 187 Explaining motion: forces in and out of balance 187 Forces in two dimensions 189 Rolling downhill 190 Newton's Second Law of Motion 192 Applying Newton's second law in real life 193 Falling down 197 Newton's second law and tension between connected bodies 198 Using Newton's second law 201 Momentum and impulse 201 Impulse from a graph 203 Follow through 205 Protecting that frail human body 205 Newton's second law and seatbelts 206 Cars that crumple 207 Torque or turning effect of a force 207 Equilibrium or keeping still 209 Strategy for solving problems involving torque 209 Types of structures: cantilevers 211 Chapter review 212 CHAPTER 12 Mechanical interactions 220 Impulse and momentum in collisions 221 Modelling real collisions 223 The concept of energy 224 Getting down to work 225 Kinetic energy 226 Potential energy 228 Gravitational potential energy 228 Strain potential energy 230 Hooke's Law 231 Conservation of total mechanical energy and efficiency 232 Power 235 Chapter review 237 AREA OF STUDY 3 CHAPTER 13 Practical investigations 243 What is the benefit to you? 244 What is involved? 244 Selecting a topic 245 Turning the topic into a good question 245 Submitting a research proposal 245 Keep a log 245 Variables 247 Selecting your measuring instruments 248 Making the most of a measurement 250 Repeated measurements 251 Finding patterns 253 Drawing a line of best fit 253 Using Microsoft Excel 254 Handling difficulties 254 Safety 254 Writing a report 255 Presenting as a digital poster 255 Advice on assembling a poster 256 Topics 256 AREA OF STUDY 2 CHAPTER 14 What are stars? 260 Chapter review 261 CHAPTER 15 Is there life beyond our solar system? 264 Chapter review 265 CHAPTER 16 How do forces act on the human body? 268 Chapter review 269 CHAPTER 17 How can AC electricity charge a DC device? 273 Chapter review 274 CHAPTER 18 How do heavy things fly? 279 Chapter review 280 CHAPTER 19 Are fission and fusion viable nuclear energy power sources? 282 Chapter review 283 CHAPTER 20 How is radiation used to maintain human health? 285 Chapter review 286 The Options chapters 14-25 can be found in your eBookPLUS. A copy of each chapter can be downloaded from the Resource panel. A sample of each chapter can be found in the print book following Chapter 13. Students will study only one Option chapter. CHAPTER 21 How do particle accelerators and colliders work? 288 Chapter review 289 CHAPTER 22 How can human vision be enhanced? 290 Chapter review 291 CHAPTER 23 How do instruments make music? 294 Chapter review 295 CHAPTER 24 How can performance in ball games be improved? 300 Chapter review 301 CHAPTER 25 How does the human body use electricity? 304 Chapter review 305 Investigations 309 Appendix 1: Skill checks 323 Appendix 2: Periodic table of the elements 336 Appendix 3: Some useful astronomical data 338 Glossary 339 Answers to numerical questions 343 Index 349